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>Useful formulae--Conversions,
etc. > Combustibles
Although
Interscan is in the toxic gas detection business, many of our customers
are also involved with flammable and combustible compounds, so we
are pleased to provide the following information.
Flammable
and combustible chemicals are those that evaporate fast enough to
generate sufficient vapor to ignite in the presence of an ignition
source. The temperature at which this can occur is the chemical's
flash point.
In
addition, flammable and combustible chemicals are those that can
react with oxidizers, to cause a fire or explosion. Combustible
materials will generate sufficient vapors at or above 100°F
(37.8°C). Flammable chemicals will generate sufficient vapors
at temperatures below 100°F (37.8°C).
Material
Safety Data Sheets may also list a chemical's auto-ignition
temperature, which is the lowest temperature at which there
is enough heat energy to ignite vapors spontaneously.
Other
important characteristics of flammable and combustible chemicals
are their explosive limits. The Lower Explosive Limit
(LEL or lower flammable limit) is the lowest concentration of the
substance in air that will produce a flash of fire when an ignition
source is present. The Upper Explosive Limit (UEL
or upper flammable limit) is the highest concentration of the substance
in air that will produce a flash of fire when an ignition source
is present.
At
higher concentrations than the UEL, the mixture is too rich to burn.
At concentrations lower than the LEL, the mixture is too lean to
burn. Note that for flammable chemicals that are also toxic, concentrations
at which the flammability is a hazard are usually well above the
toxicity hazard concentrations.
Table
of LEL's/UEL's
Gas |
LEL
(% by volume)
|
UEL
(% by volume)
|
|
Gas |
LEL
(% by volume)
|
UEL
(% by volume)
|
Acetone |
2.6 |
12.8 |
Heptane |
1.1 |
6.7 |
Acetylene |
2.5 |
100.0 |
Hexane |
1.2 |
7.4 |
Acrolein |
2.8 |
31 |
Hydrazine |
2.9 |
98 |
Acrylonitrile |
3.0 |
17 |
Hydrogen |
4.0 |
75.0 |
Allene
(propadiene) |
1.5 |
11.5 |
Hydrogen
Cyanide |
5.6 |
40.0 |
Ammonia |
15.0 |
28.0 |
Hydrogen
Sulfide |
4.0 |
44.0 |
Benzene |
1.3 |
7.9 |
Isobutane |
1.8 |
8.4 |
1,3-Butadiene |
2.0 |
12.0 |
Isobutylene |
1.8 |
9.6 |
Butane |
1.6 |
8.4 |
Isopropanol |
2.2 |
12.7 |
n-Butanol |
1.4 |
11.2 |
Methane |
5.0 |
15.0 |
1-Butene |
1.6 |
10.0 |
Methanol |
6.7 |
36.0 |
Cis-2-Butene |
1.7 |
9.7 |
Methylacetylene |
1.7 |
11.7 |
Trans-2-Butene |
1.7 |
9.7 |
Methyl
Bromide |
10.0 |
15.0 |
Butyl
Acetate |
1.7 |
7.6 |
3-Methyl-1-Butene |
1.5 |
9.1 |
Carbon
Disulfide |
1.3 |
50 |
Methyl
Butyl Ketone |
1.2 |
8.0 |
Carbon
Monoxide |
12.5 |
74.0 |
Methyl
Cellosolve |
1.8 |
14 |
Carbonyl
Sulfide |
12.0 |
29.0 |
Methyl
Chloride |
8.1 |
17.4 |
Chlorotrifluoroethylene |
8.4 |
38.7 |
Methyl
Ethyl Ketone |
1.4 |
11.4 |
Cumene |
0.9 |
6.5 |
Methyl
Mercaptan |
3.9 |
21.8 |
Cyanogen |
6.6 |
32.0 |
Methyl
Vinyl Ether |
2.6 |
39.0 |
Cyclohexane |
1.3 |
7.8 |
Monoethylamine |
3.5 |
14.0 |
Cyclopropane |
2.4 |
10.4 |
Monomethylamine |
4.9 |
20.7 |
Decaborane |
0.2 |
--- |
Monomethylhydrazine |
2.5 |
92 |
Deuterium |
4.9 |
75.0 |
Nickel
Carbonyl |
2.0 |
--- |
Diborane |
0.8 |
88.0 |
Pentane |
1.4 |
7.8 |
Dichlorosilane |
4.1 |
98.8 |
Picoline |
1.4 |
--- |
Diethylbenzene |
0.8 |
--- |
Propane |
2.1 |
9.5 |
Diethyl
Ether |
1.9 |
36 |
Propionaldehyde |
2.9 |
17 |
1,1-Difluoro-1-Chloroethane |
9.0 |
14.8 |
Propylene |
2.4 |
11.0 |
1,1-Difluoroethane |
5.1 |
17.1 |
Propylene
Oxide |
2.8 |
37.0 |
1,1-Difluoroethylene |
5.5 |
21.3 |
Styrene |
0.9 |
6.8 |
Dimethylamine |
2.8 |
14.4 |
Tetrafluoroethylene |
4.0 |
43.0 |
Dimethyl
Ether |
3.4 |
27.0 |
Tetrahydrofuran |
2.0 |
11.8 |
2,2-Dimethylpropane |
1.4 |
7.5 |
Toluene |
1.1 |
7.1 |
Dimethyl
Sulfide |
2.2 |
20 |
Trichloroethylene |
8 |
10.5 |
Ethane |
3.0 |
12.4 |
Triethylene
Amine |
1.2 |
8.0 |
Ethanol |
3.3 |
19.0 |
Trimethylamine |
2.0 |
11.6 |
Ethyl
Acetate |
2.2 |
11.0 |
Turpentine |
0.7 |
--- |
Ethyl Amine |
3.5 |
14 |
Unsymmetrical
dimethylhydrazine |
2.0 |
95 |
Ethyl
Benzene |
0.8 |
6.7 |
Vinyl
Acetate |
2.6 |
13.4 |
Ethyl
Chloride |
3.8 |
15.4 |
Vinyl
Bromide |
9.0 |
15.0 |
Ethylene |
2.7 |
36.0 |
Vinyl
Chloride |
3.6 |
33.0 |
Ethylene
Oxide |
3.0 |
100.0 |
Vinyl
Fluoride |
2.6 |
21.7 |
Gasoline |
1.2 |
7.1 |
Xylene |
0.9 |
7.0 |
The flammable
liquids of most concern in industry and laboratories are those that
have flash points below room temperature. These include...
Solvent |
Flash Point
(° C) [° F] |
Acetone |
-17.8 [0] |
Benzene |
-11 [12.2] |
Carbon disulfide |
-29 [-20.2] |
Ethanol |
13 [55.4] |
Ethyl acetate |
1 [33.8] |
Ethyl ether |
-45 [-49] |
Hexane |
-18 [-0.4] |
Toluene |
9.5 [49.1] |
Xylene |
29 [84.2]
(above room temperature—but close enough) |
Data
obtained from various sources, presumed to be reliable, for reference
only. In any critical application, double check all parameters, including
flammable properties!
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